WSPR activity on the 40 MHz band in North America - January 2022

In 2021, seven US stations and one Canadian station were given experimental licenses for the 40 MHz band. Several are now active and using the WSPR beacon mode on the band.

This post covers the reception reports for each station in North America for January 2022.

Canadian experimental station CBG209: To allow the callsign to be recognised by WSPR, the callsign was reversed and 902BGC was used.

The openings for the month of January are shown above and I have listed the openings below with the reports under 200kms filtered out. I also removed multiple reports for the same station for the same opening. The power is listed as 10 watts.

Local   (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz                         W SNR drift km
2022-01-15 17:32 902BGC CN89 WM2XCC DM13ji 40.663524 10 -22 0 1856

2022-01-12 05:14 902BGC CN89 W3PM EM64or 40.663509 10 -27 0 3365
2022-01-12 04:54 902BGC CN89 WB6HYD CM87xi 40.663524 10 -27 0 1351
2022-01-12 04:54 902BGC CN89 W7IV CM95qn 40.663525 10 -23 0 1560
2022-01-12 00:14 902BGC CN89 WM2XCC DM13ji 40.663522 10 -29 1 1856

2022-01-04 15:40 902BGC CN89 WM2XCC DM13ji 40.663522 10 -13 0 1856

2022-01-03 18:00 902BGC CN89 WM2XCC DM13ji 40.663521 10 -26 1 1856
2022-01-03 17:50 902BGC CN89 WB6HYD CM87xi 40.663524 10 -20 0 1351
2022-01-03 17:40 902BGC CN89 WB6HYD CM87xi 40.663524 10 -21 0 1351

2022-01-02 09:18 902BGC CN89 WM2XCC DM13ji 40.663523 10 -17 0 1856

Even though it's mid-Winter, there seemed to have been five distinct openings. Most of the signals can be accounted for by mid-Winter Sporadic-E or possibly Auroral-E propagation but the one that really sticks out is the 3365km opening to W3PM in Alabama. 

The maximum distance for one hop Sporadic-E is about 2200kms. As it occurred near the end of an opening, it was probably due to double hop / chordal hop Sporadic-E.

WM2XCW in Washington State: Just local reports for this station during the month.

Local   (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz W SNR drift km
2022-02-01 22:16 WM2XCW CN88 VE7NZ CN89 40.663552 10 12 0 111
2022-01-13 17:50 WM2XCW CN88 VE7SKY CN89 40.663467 10 10 0 111
2022-01-13 01:30 WM2XCW CN88 VE7RPX CN89lh 40.663531 10 -19 0 93
2022-01-12 21:00 WM2XCW CN88 VE7DH CN89nf 40.663544 10 -4 0 84
2022-01-12 20:50 WM2XCW CN88 KC7GVU CN88kb 40.663531 10 -29 0 47
2022-01-12 20:44 WM2XCW CN88 CGB209 CN89li 40.663529 10 -16 0 97

WM2XAN in Michigan: This one is listed as 100 watts.

There seem to have been four openings during the month and all the distances are typical of single hop Sporadic-E.

Local   (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz W SNR drift km mode km/W spotQ version
2022-01-17 16:30 WM2XAN EN74oh W4WLO/S11 EM50vo 40.663449 100 -26 -4 1553

2022-01-16 01:54 WM2XAN EN74oh W4WLO/S11 EM50vo 40.663445 100 -24 -4 1553
2022-01-15 23:44 WM2XAN EN74oh AE5LY/2 EL29hb 40.663491 100 -27 -4 1937

2022-01-12 04:02 WM2XAN EN74oh W3PM EM64or 40.663469 20 -10 -4 1079

2022-01-11 16:24 WM2XAN EN74oh WM2XEJ EM83ji 40.663485 100 -7 -3 1226
2022-01-11 06:20 WM2XAN EN74oh WM2XEJ EM83ji 40.663487 100 -22 -4 1226
2022-01-11 02:56 WM2XAN EN74 VE1PYE FN84et 40.66347 100 -18 0 1690
2022-01-10 22:14 WM2XAN EN74 N2OTO EL96wi 40.663894 0.5 -18 -4 2063

WM2XEJ in Georgia: Another listed as 100 watts although it was listed as 10 watts at times.

There seems to have been seven openings during January. Most of them are Sporadic-E but it's interesting to see several in that 300-800km region which is usually inside the Sp-E skip zone.

Local   (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz W SNR drift km mode km/W spotQ version
2022-01-23 21:30 WM2XEJ EM83ji W4WLO/S11 EM50vo 40.663487 100 -19 0 562

2022-01-20 18:34 WM2XEJ EM83ji WM2XAN EN74oh 40.663527 100 -18 0 1226

2022-01-19 15:10 WM2XEJ EM83ji WM2XAN EN74oh 40.663524 100 -28 0 1226

2022-01-16 00:26 WM2XEJ EM83ji WM2XAN EN74oh 40.663525 100 -19 -1 1226
2022-01-15 23:52 WM2XEJ EM83ji AE5LY/2 EL29hb 40.663522 100 -18 0 1251
2022-01-15 22:56 WM2XEJ EM83ji W4WLO/S11 EM50vo 40.663477 100 -17 0 562

2022-01-15 16:32 WM2XEJ EM83ji W3PM EM64or 40.663503 100 -23 0 364

2022-01-12 17:28 WM2XEJ EM83ji N2OTO EL96wi 40.663522 100 -22 0 833
2022-01-12 14:52 WM2XEJ EM83ji NI4Y EM73 40.663509 100 -28 0 171

2022-01-11 21:02 WM2XEJ EM83ji VE2UG FN35gs 40.66345 10 -25 0 1611
2022-01-11 18:20 WM2XEJ EM83ji N2OTO EL96wi 40.663456 10 -22 0 833
2022-01-11 16:08 WM2XEJ EM83ji WM2XAN EN74oh 40.663464 10 -22 -2 1226
2022-01-11 15:04 WM2XEJ EM83ji KC5LT EM86 40.663454 100 -21 1 348

2022-01-11 06:22 WM2XEJ EM83ji WM2XAN EN74oh 40.663466 10 -6 -2 1226
2022-01-11 06:04 WM2XEJ EM83 N2OTO EL96wi 40.663453 10 4 0 841

WM2XCC in California: Listed as just 2 watts this time.

It seems there were three distinct openings and all were to the cluster of receivers near Vancouver. Again, all typical Sporadic-E distances.

Local   (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz W SNR drift km
2022-01-11 23:16 WM2XCC DM13ji VE7DH CN89nf 40.663503 2 -25 0 1826
2022-01-11 22:38 WM2XCC DM13ji CGB209 CN89li 40.663489 2 -6 0 1843
2022-01-11 21:46 WM2XCC DM13ji VE7DH CN89nf 40.663503 2 -24 0 1826
2022-01-11 20:16 WM2XCC DM13ji VE7UTS CN89li 40.66349 2 0 0 1843

2022-01-04 15:30 WM2XCC DM13ji VA7MM/A CN89og 40.663537 2 -23 0 1829

2022-01-02 09:38 WM2XCC DM13ji VA7MM/A CN89og 40.663535 2 -22 0 1829

In conclusion: To the best of my knowledge, there is no WSPR activity in Europe at present and the guys in North America are certainly leading the way. 

Despite the fact it was January and mid-Winter, there is plenty of evidence of openings on the 40 MHz band. Once we get to May, these openings in the region of 800-2000 kms should start to become a lot more common. 

Looking through the full reports for January, most of the signals were buried in the noise and it shows the advantage of using a weak signal mode like WSPR as opposed to just plain CW. If all of these experimental stations had just CW beacons then I certainly wouldn't be writing this post as little or nothing would have been reported.

Some thoughts...

1) It would be nice if more people set up receivers for the band and listened for WSPR signals.

2) We'll have to wait and see if the remaining three experimental US calls have any interest in getting up and running on WSPR.

3) It would be great to see some WSPR activity in Europe as well. Anyone interested??

Links...

1) As always, there is plenty of information about the new 8m band on my 40 MHz page.

Another TEP opening on 144 MHz between S America & the Caribbean - 2nd Feb 2022

Wednesday 2nd February 2022: Another day, another big Trans-Equatorial Propagation (TEP) opening on 144 MHz between South America and the Caribbean. The map above shows the parallel paths from Argentina to Bonaire, Curacao & the Dominican Republic and from Brazil to Puerto Rico, Martinique, Guadeloupe and Trinidad.

The parallel paths are due to the fact that at 144 MHz, TEP signals must cross the Geomagnetic Equator close to right angles. At lower frequencies like 50 MHz and 28 MHz, the angle can be much wider.

I have included a list of the spots from the DX Cluster at the bottom of the post.

Video: Brett, PJ2BR in Curacao has a nice video clip of a LW2DAF on 144.300 MHz SSB.

This was the SSB contact with Diego @LW2DAF Slightly over 5.000 Km away. pic.twitter.com/oeHCTVQG3r

— Brett Ruiz (@pj2br) February 2, 2022

This second video clip is of Diego, LW2DAF in Argentina having an SSB contact with HI8GSP in the Dominican Republic on 144 MHz, a distance of about 6000 kms.

LW2DAF <> @HI8GSP TEP 6000km yesterday night. pic.twitter.com/BUptrTtiPF

— Diego Alejandro Feil (@LW2DAF) February 3, 2022

Caribbean: This is a map in closer detail of the stations in the Caribbean...

The reason I include this is that it shows the usual stations and countries in the Caribbean that are taking part in these TEP openings on 144 MHz. The map also shows all of the other countries where there doesn't seem to be much if any 2m activity.

The map just got me thinking... could more people in the Caribbean get active on 2m?

Chile? Cuba? Columbia? Central America?... In other previous posts, I've looked at TEP openings on the 88-108 MHz band between Chile and Columbia. 

Q. Do these reach 144 MHz as well? Is the lack of contacts just because there are no stations from some of these countries on 144 MHz?

CO8LY was mentioned on the DX cluster but I couldn't see any record of a path on the PSK Reporter website.

432 MHz??? Lots of questions today! 

Q. If there is a really good TEP opening on 144 MHz in South America, can it reach 432 MHz? It's been done before between Zimbabwe and Greece.

Q. Is anyone trying to make a 70cms contact via TEP at the moment? 

Q. Is it only possible at the peak of the solar cycle?

DX Cluster spots from the opening...

Spotter Freq. DX Time Info Country
PY2TC 144300.0 FM8QR 01:50 02 Feb TEP - TKS QSO. 73 Martinique
PY2SRB-@ 144175.5 9Y4D 01:33 02 Feb FT8 Trinidad & Tobago
PY2SRB-@ 144175.5 FM8QR 01:28 02 Feb FT8 Martinique
LU7DW-@ 144300.0 HI8GSP 00:48 02 Feb GF05<TEP>FK58 Dominican Republic
LU2DPW-@ 144300.0 HI8GSP 00:42 02 Feb GRS TEP SSB QSO Dominican Republic
LU4DJC-@ 144175.0 CO8LY 00:42 02 Feb cq jt65 Cuba
LU4DJC-@ 144300.0 HI8GSP 00:37 02 Feb TEP USB Dominican Republic
LU4DJC-@ 144300.0 PJ4BR 00:33 02 Feb TEP USB Bonaire
LU7DW-@ 144300.0 PJ2BR 00:28 02 Feb GF05<>FK52 Curacao 
PY5EK 144180.0 WP4G 00:28 02 Feb Q65B -11 dB 1214 Hz TNX TEP Puerto Rico
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 PJ2BR 00:23 02 Feb TEP Q65B Curacao
LU2DPW-@ 144180.0 PJ4MM 00:17 02 Feb TKS Q65B QSO 73 Bonaire
PY5EK 144180.0 WP3DN 00:03 02 Feb Q65B -8 dB 843 Hz TNX TEP Puerto Rico
PY5EK 144180.0 NP4BM 00:01 02 Feb Q65B -16 dB 839 Hz TNX TEP Puerto Rico
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 HI8DL 23:57 01 Feb TEP Q65B Dominican Republic
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 PJ4MM 23:53 01 Feb TEP Q65B Bonaire
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 HI8GSP 23:50 01 Feb TEP Q65B Dominican Republic

FM8QR 144300.0 PY2TC 02:12 02 Feb TEP Brazil
FM8QR 144300.0 PY2OAL 02:11 02 Feb TEP Brazil
PJ4MM 144180.0 LU5CQC 00:53 02 Feb tep Argentina
HI8GSP-@ 144300.0 LU2DPW 00:50 02 Feb USB 73S por gracias el contacto Argentina
HI8GSP-@ 144300.0 LU4DJC 00:49 02 Feb USB gracias por el contacto 73 Argentina
HI8GSP-@ 144300.0 LW2DAF 00:48 02 Feb USB GRACIAS POR EL CONTACTO Argentina 
PJ2BR 144300.0 LU4DJC 00:35 02 Feb Gracias por la SSb contacto! Argentina
PJ2BR 144300.0 LW2DAF 00:35 02 Feb great qso on ssb! Argentina
PJ4MM 144180.0 LU2DPW 00:19 02 Feb tep Argentina
PJ4MM 144180.0 LU7JMS 00:08 02 Feb tep Argentina
NP4BM-@ 144180.0 PY5EK 00:01 02 Feb tnks q65b qso Brazil

Antarctica heard on 28 MHz - 1st Feb 2022

Tuesday 1st February 2022: While conditions on 28 MHz weren't as good as the 31st of January, the 10m band still opened to Australia. I was listening on WSPR all day and the most interesting signal for me however was the German Antarctic research station DP0GVN.

These are the WSPR decodes from Australia & Antarctica...

 Local   (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz W                             SNR drift km
2022-02-01 10:16 VK3KCX/1 QF22qd EI7GL IO51tu 28.126019 50 -24 0 17449
2022-02-01 10:08 VK3KCX/1 QF22qd EI7GL IO51tu 28.126016 50 -23 0 17449
2022-02-01 09:54 VK3KCX/1 QF22qd EI7GL IO51tu 28.126011 50 -23 1 174492

022-02-01 09:40 VK3KCX/1 QF22qd EI7GL IO51tu 28.126 50 -25 1 17449
2022-02-01 09:42 VK3DEK QF12jq EI7GL IO51tu 28.126094 5 -20 0 17247
2022-02-01 09:36 VK3DEK QF12jq EI7GL IO51tu 28.126089 5 -24 0 17247
2022-02-01 12:48 DP0GVN IB59ui EI7GL IO51tu 28.126042 5 -27 0 13621
2022-02-01 12:18 DP0GVN IB59ui EI7GL IO51tu 28.126038 5 -29 1 13621
2022-02-01 11:48 DP0GVN IB59ui EI7GL IO51tu 28.126039 5 -20 0 13621
2022-02-01 10:18 DP0GVN IB59ui EI7GL IO51tu 28.126022 5 -29 0 13621
2022-02-01 09:48 DP0GVN IB59ui EI7GL IO51tu 28.126007 5 -23 1 13621

If you examine the signal strengths then you'll notice that they are all down down in the -20dB to -29dB region i.e. they're buried in the noise and well below what I could hear by ear.

Even if the signal is really weak, there is still a bit a of 'wow' moment when Antarctica appears on the screen on 10m.

Big TEP opening on 144 MHz between South America & the Caribbean - 1st Feb 2022

Tuesday 1st February 2022: The impressive looking map above is from the PSK Reporter website and it shows some of the paths that were open on 144 MHz on the the 1st of February between South America and the Caribbean.

And yes, that's 144 MHz! ...the VHF band that is supposed to be 'line of sight' as we're often told.

Most of the contacts were between 3,700 and 6,000 kms.

The opening which was around 01:00 UTC or 20:00 local time was due of course to TEP - Trans-Equatorial Propagation. Most of the paths on 144 MHz were at right angles relative to the Geomagnetic Equator.

Most of the contacts seem to with the Q65 mode with a few on FT & SSB.

Here are the 144 MHz spots on the DX-Cluster from Brazil & Argentina...

 Spotter Freq. DX Time Info Country
PY2SRB-@ 144174.0 FM5CS 01:37 01 Feb FT8 Martinique
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 PJ4GR 01:23 01 Feb TEP Q65B Bonaire
PY5AM 144174.0 FM5CS 01:21 01 Feb FT8 +1 dB 1362 Hz Martinique
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 PJ4MM 01:20 01 Feb TEP Q65B Bonaire
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 PJ2BR 01:19 01 Feb TEP Q65B Curacao
LU4DJC-@ 144180.0 HI8GSP 01:18 01 Feb TEP Q65B Dominican Republic
LU2DPW-@ 144180.0 HI8GSP 01:15 01 Feb TKS Q65B QSO 73 Dominican Republic
LU1FAM-@ 144180.0 HI8DL 01:11 01 Feb Dominican Republic
LU1FAM-@ 144180.0 HI8GSP 01:06 01 Feb Dominican Republic 
PY2SRB-@ 144180.0 9Y4D 00:41 01 Feb Q65B 15s CQ Trinidad & Tobago
PY2SRB-@ 144180.0 WP3DN 00:34 01 Feb Q65B 15s CQ Puerto Rico
PY2SRB-@ 144180.0 NP4BM 00:26 01 Feb q65b tu Puerto Rico
PY5EK 144181.0 WP4G 00:25 01 Feb Q65B -1 dB 1236 Hz tnx tep Puerto Rico
PY2SRB-@ 144180.0 WP4G 00:25 01 Feb q65b tu Puerto Rico
PY5EK 144300.0 NP4BM 00:12 01 Feb TNX 55 IN GG43 Puerto Rico
PY2SRB-@ 144180.0 WP4KJJ 00:08 01 Feb q65b 15s -1 Puerto Rico
PY5EK 144180.0 WP4KJJ 00:02 01 Feb Q65B +5 dB 1543 Hz TNX TEP Puerto Rico

Link...

1) Some other examples of long distance paths on 2m can be found on my 144 MHz page.

Good opening from Europe to Australia on 28 MHz - 31st Jan 2022

Monday 31st January 2022: There was a nice opening on 28 MHz on the 31st with some strong signals between Australia and Europe.

The map above shows what I heard on WSPR on 28 MHz on the 31st. While conditions were poor to the west, it was good to the south and the east. It's worth noting that this is WSPR where there is a limited number of stations transmitting. If I had been listening on FT8 then the map would have a lot more dots.

Local   (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz W SNR drift km 
2022-01-31 09:20 VK3KCX/1 QF22qd EI7GL IO51tu 28.126017 50 8 0 17449
2022-01-31 12:10 VK3KTT QF22gg EI7GL IO51tu 28.126102 50 -18 0 17388
2022-01-31 10:54 VK3QD QF22ik EI7GL IO51tu 28.12601 2 -23 1 17385
2022-01-31 09:58 VK6XT OF86td EI7GL IO51tu 28.12618 5 -11 0 15311

I heard four VK stations on WSPR with all three of the VK3 stations near the city of Melbourne. 

The 50 watt signal of VK3KCX/1 had a signal to noise ratio of +8dB which is up at the level where a SSB contact would be possible. It was nice to see the 2 watt signal from VK3QD also making it through with a signal of -23dB.

I also heard the VK8VF beacon near Darwin on 28.268 MHz which was just above the noise. There's something magic about actually hear a CW signal from the other side of the world on 28 MHz. 

The video clip below from G8DX shows how strong the signals were on SSB...

Amazing conditions on 28MHz today - here’s a short clip of VK3KJ from this morning with my aerial at just 25ft due to strong winds #hamradio pic.twitter.com/RFsS2acrnN

— Jack G8DX (@jackg8dx) January 31, 2022

The solar flux was up at 130 so it seems the sun is well up on the 100 or so of late.

New 40 MHz beacon WM2XCS now operational from New Jersey

George, N2CG has one of the seven experimental 40 MHz permits in the USA and was given the callsign WM2XCS. He has just announced that he now has an operational 40 MHz beacon from his location in New Jersey.

George writes..." I am happy to announce that on January 26, 2022 at 1900 UTC WM2XCS beacon began operating on 40.685 MHz CW mode at 10 Watts output into a SIRIO 8m 5/8 wave vertical
antenna.  

The WM2XCS CW beacon on 40.685 MHz sends the following message at 12 WPM: "VVV DE WM2XCS BCN WM2XCS BCN FN20WV NNJ 5 seconds dash AR" that takes about 50 seconds to send.  This message is followed by a 60 seconds delay and then the sequence repeats.  My transmitter frequency tolerance is +/- 0.5 ppm.

For now, I operate the beacon about 10-11 hours a day beginning around 8 AM EST (1300 UTC) to 7 PM EST (0000 UTC).  Signal reports and/or spotting reception reports of my 8m beacon will be most welcomed.

I encourage all when hearing my beacon to spot your report on the DXMAPS website ( www.dxmaps.com ) that indicates 40 MHz band reports.

73, George  WM2XCS/N2CG"

Analysis... This beacon should be widely heard once the Sporadic-E season begins in the second half of April. The map above shows the typical range for Sporadic-E signals on the 40 MHz band while most of the openings should be around the 1200-1800km mark.

This in effect means that stations in Wisconsin, Illinois, Tennessee, Georgia and the north of Florida are the most likely to hear it during the Summer months.

There will be openings in the range of 2000-2300kms but these will be weaker.

During the months of May, June & July, there should be more multi-hop Sporadic-E openings. This should allow openings from New Jersey to California and from New Jersey to Europe.

The fact the beacon is CW only and doesn't have a digital component like FT8, PI4 or WSPR means the conditions will really need to be good.

What will be really interesting to see if the rising solar flux levels result in an opening via the F2 layer? Will the MUF reach the 40 MHz band?

Certainly, F2 layer propagation from New Jersey to California and Europe on 40 MHz at the peak of the upcoming sunspot cycle will be possible.

It would also be very interesting to see if anyone in South America is able to hear this beacon.

Listening for the WM2XCS beacon... For the 40 MHz band to open, the 28 MHz band below it will almost certainly be open as well.

I have compiled a short list of 28 MHz beacons which are in the general area of WM2XCS...

K3CX/B 28.2025 FN20CI 
WN2A/AK2F 28.2085 FN20OU 
K3FX/B 28.2160 FN20XE
N3TVV/B 28.2320 FN20DU
N2MH/B 28.2325 FN20UT
WA3MCK/B 28.2400 FN21BF
KG2GL/B 28.2460 FN20WT
KA3JOE/B 28.2495 FN20MD
KB2RSK/B 28.2685 FN22QW
WA3NFV/B 28.2700 FN20IH

If you can hear any of those beacons on 28 MHz then that would be a good time to look for the WM2XCS beacon on 40.685 MHz.

Link...
1) For more information on the 8m band, check out my 40 MHz page.

3155 km opening on 144 MHz between Australia & New Zealand - 28th Jan 2022

28th January 2021: There was another 3000km+ opening on 144 MHz between Australia and New Zealand when Peter, VK5PJ in Adelaide received the WSPR signal from Bob, ZL1SIX.

The two WSPR decodes are shown below and the signals were pretty weak at -19 and -20dB.

 UTC (y-m-d) TX txGrid RX rxGrid MHz W SNR drift km
2022-01-28 01:06 ZL1SIX RF64vt VK5PJ PF95mk 144.490537 10 -21 0 3155
2022-01-28 01:12 ZL1SIX RF64vt VK5PJ PF95mk 144.490537 10 -19 0 3155

The map above shows the WSPR signals heard on 144 MHz by VK5PJ over a 24 hour period. Most of the Australian signals are tropo but the 3155km distance was really something else.

Remember, 3155kms is the distance between Ireland and Newfoundland across the North Atlantic.

Propagation??... It's important to note that VK5PJ was the only station in Australia to hear ZL1SIX on 144 MHz that that. i.e. none of the closer stations near the south-east coast heard him. This does suggest that Sporadic-E was the main propagation mechanism.

One single Sporadic-E hop might account for a maximum of say 2300kms but not 3155kms. What makes up the difference?

The map above shows the tropo prediction from Pascal, F5LEN and it suggests that there might have been some tropo ducting over the Tasman Sea.

It's possible that the western path of the 3155km path was due to Sporadic-E and that coupled into a maritime duct for the remainder of the circuit to New Zealand.

A second option was that it was due to chordal hop Sporadic-E with the signal going between two Sporadic-E 'clouds'. This does happen at 144 MHz but it is relatively rare.

It's impossible to know for sure what the propagation mechanism was but the probability of a combined Sp-E / tropo duct opening is higher.

Link...
1) More examples of long distance paths can be found on my 144 MHz page.

A snapshot of conditions on 28 MHz - 28th Jan 2022

Friday 28th January 2022: As an experiment, I left my radio on 28.074 MHz to monitor the FT8 activity and to see what the current conditions on 10-metres are really like. The results are shown above and they show I heard 181 stations in 35 DXCC countries.

Every day, I listen for WSPR signals on 28 MHz and I know that I'm not seeing the full picture due to a lack of stations. FT8 is quite simply the best way at present to see what the conditions on a band are like.

In terms of DX, it's always nice to hear Australia on 28 MHz and I logged a total of 15 on FT8.

Txmtr Band Mode Distance Time (UTC)
VK1MA 10m FT8 17437 km 09:31:29
VK3MH 10m FT8 17420 km 10:19:14
VK3TU 10m FT8 17408 km 11:00:44
VK5PW 10m FT8 16800 km 08:35:44
VK5GR 10m FT8 16794 km 09:45:59
VK5ST 10m FT8 16787 km 10:20:14
VK5NEC 10m FT8 16784 km 08:41:29
VK6APK 10m FT8 15125 km 09:42:59
VK6IR 10m FT8 15097 km 10:57:44
VK6RK 10m FT8 15064 km 11:07:44
VK6DW 10m FT8 15061 km 09:45:29
VK6OZ 10m FT8 15056 km 10:44:59
VK6BAS 10m FT8 15037 km 10:41:44
VK6JJJ 10m FT8 15037 km 09:28:59
VK8TH 10m FT8 14349 km 10:20:14

I also heard the VK8VF beacon in Darwin on CW on 28.268 MHz.

Spotter Freq. DX Time Info Country

EI7GL 28268 VK8VF/B 10:13 28 Jan 22 IO51TU<F2>PH57KP Australia

It's also worth noting the signals that were missing. There were hardly any stations from North America and there was nothing from Japan. The solar flux on the day was 107 which is still pretty modest. 

Back to WSPR tomorrow 👍

Radio astronomers image sky at 144 MHz in more detail

I came across an interesting article today about how radio astronomers are in the process of plotting the radio sources of the northern sky in more detail at 144 MHz.

The problem up to now is that the ionosphere slightly distorts the signal at 144 MHz and that impacts the resolution of the radio image. A team of radio astronomers have now worked out a way to compensate for this distortion which allows resolution of radio sources at much greater detail. Some of these are shown above.

The paper was published in Nature Astronomy on the 27th of January 2022 and a preview can be seen HERE

Tracking a German Polar Research Ship on 28 MHz - Dec 2021 & Jan 2022

For the last few weeks, I have left my HF radio on the 10m WSPR frequency of 28.1246 MHz and any signals I decode are uploaded automatically to the WSPRnet website.

One of the more unusual signals that I have heard over the last few weeks was DP0POL, the WSPR station on the German polar research vessel Polarstern.

I first noticed this when it was off the west coast of Africa. Between the 22nd of December 2021 and the 3rd of January 2022, I heard the 5-watt signal a total of 39 times. The distances range from 5116 kms to 9705 kms.

I remember checking this a few weeks back and there were no earlier reception before it was off the west coast of Africa. Possibly, it was inside the F2 layer skip zone for me when it was further north.

Back in May of 2021, I was able to track the same ship on 28 MHz as it made its way through the North Sea.

Interview with W1ZY about Phased Vertical antennas for the HF bands

The Ham Radio Live YouTube channel recently had a very interesting interview with William Des Jardines, W1ZY about a Phased Array Vertical Antenna as well as a simple Beverage Antenna. A video of the talk is embedded further down.

I think anyone who is interested in making and experimenting with antennas will find this of interest.

The presentation is a bit light on graphics so let's address that first.

The image above shows the general principle of a phased vertical array. By using phasing lines, signals from each vertical can either be added together and subtracted from each other.

The image above shows the view from above of the radiation pattern. Signals coming from the right are added and there is a small gain of about 3dB. The signals from the left are out of phase and there is a large drop in this direction.

With a relay and suitable phasing lines, the direction of the array can be flipped to the right or left at the flick of a switch. This has obvious advantages for say propagation and antenna tests as opposed to waiting for a Yagi to turn on a mast.

The talk also covers Beverage antennas which are used for receive only, especially on the lower HF bands.

The video is shown below and the part of interest starts at 11:30...

There are a two links for more information.

W1ZY has an article on his substack site HERE

W1ZY's QRZ page also has a LOT of information, see HERE

US radio amateurs lose 25% of the 3.5 GHz microwave band

Back in October 2020, I had a post about how the FCC were proposing that radio amateurs in the USA would lose the 3.5 GHz (9cm) microwave band.

After some appeals and feedback, the FCC have now announced that US radio amateurs will only lose use of the spectrum from 3.450 to 3.500 GHz from the 14th of April 2022.

This represents a loss of 25% of the entire band which stretches from 3.300 to 3.500 GHz at present. In essence, the band is being reduced from a width of 200 MHz to 150 MHz. 

The current band plan for the part of the spectrum that is being lost is shown below...

The 50 MHz of spectrum that was lost was auctioned off by the US Government for around $22 Billion for 5G services.

The future of the remaining 9cm band for amateur use is by no means certain. In a news article, the ARRL said... "Secondary operations are permitted to continue indefinitely in the remainder of the band, 3.3 – 3.45 GHz, pending future FCC proceedings."

While this loss of spectrum may not matter to most, it does highlight the value of the microwave spectrum in the low GHz range to commercial companies and how there is a very real threat of losing many more parts of the spectrum in future.

ZP9HTL in Paraguay reports on 5000km TEP opening on 144 MHz to Puerto Rico - Jan 2022

Juan, ZP9HTL in Paraguay sent on some interesting information to me about his experience with Trans-Equatorial Propagation (TEP) on 144 MHz.

With TEP propagation, signals on the 144 MHz band usually cross the Geomagnetic Equator close to 90 degrees i.e. a right angle. This means that openings tend to happen to the exact same area when the band is open.

This can be seen as the TEP pipeline from Buenos Aires in Argentina to Bonaire, Curacao, Aruba & the Dominican Republic in the Caribbean. Likewise, stations in the south of Brazil have a pipeline to Puerto Rico & Guadeloupe.

For ZP9HTL, his pipeline from Paraguay is to Puerto Rico where he is often heard on SSB on 144.300 MHz.

Video... The following clip was sent to me by Juan. 

It shows that what a TEP signal on SSB can sound like. Note the distortion and the very rapid flutter.

Remember, this is a signal on 144 MHz over a 5000km path!

Antenna... On 144 MHz, Juan is using an 11-element LFA Yagi.

DX-Cluster Spots... I have included below the DX Cluster spots for ZP9HTL from the Caribbean. As you can see, they are all from Puerto Rico and they range from the start of the TEP season in September 2021 to now, mid January 2022.

It's interesting to see that the TEP openings happen at pretty much the same time i.e. 00:00 UTC which is about 8pm local time in the evening for the stations concerned.

From these spots, the earliest time is 23:45 UTC and the latest time is 00:39 UTC, a window of about one hour.

DX-Spots...

Spotter Freq. DX Time Info Country

WP4KJJ-@ 144300 ZP9HTL 23:54 21 Jan 22 59 Paraguay
NP4BM-@ 144300 ZP9HTL 23:54 21 Jan 22 59 tnks tep qso Juan Paraguay
NP4BM-@ 144300 ZP9HTL 00:06 14 Jan 22 59 tks qso Juan Paraguay
WP4G 144300 ZP9HTL 00:39 13 Jan 22 55 in FK68 Paraguay
NP4BM-@ 144300 ZP9HTL 00:30 13 Jan 22 still 59 Paraguay
WP4KJJ-@ 144300 ZP9HTL 00:19 13 Jan 22 Paraguay 
KP4EIT-@ 144300 ZP9HTL 00:10 13 Jan 22 5/2 swl Paraguay
NP4BM-@ 144300 ZP9HTL 00:05 13 Jan 22 58 tks tep qso Paraguay

TEP opening on 144 MHz from Argentina to the Caribbean - 21st Jan 2022

21st January 2022: Just a short report to note that there was another Trans-Equitorial Propagation (TEP) opening on 144 MHz from Argentina & Brazil to the Caribbean on the 21st of January.

The map above shows the paths that were open for Diego, LW2DAF in Buenos Aires.

Txmtr Rcvr Band Mode Distance Time (UTC)
P41E LW2DAF 2m Q65B 5374 km 01:21:18
LW2DAF PJ2BR 2m Q65 5306 km 01:54:59
PJ2BR LW2DAF 2m Q65B 5306 km 01:10:18
LW2DAF PJ4EL 2m Q65 5299 km 01:22:58
LW2DAF PJ4MM 2m Q65 5297 km 01:55:01
PJ4MM LW2DAF 2m Q65B 5297 km 01:49:48
LW2DAF PJ4GR 2m Q65 5294 km 01:54:59
PJ4GR LW2DAF 2m Q65B 5294 km 01:20:48

As you can see, the distances were in the region of 5300kms. Looking through the PSK Reporter website, there were plenty of other stations from Argentina enjoying the opening as well.

There was also an opening from Puerto Rico to Brazil.

Here are the spots from the DX cluster for this opening...

Spotter Freq. DX Time Info Country
LU1FAM-@ 144180 PJ4MM 01:45 21 Jan 22 q65 Bonaire
LU1FAM-@ 144180 P41E 01:23 21 Jan 22 Q65 Aruba
LU2DPW-@ 144180 LU2FGL 01:09 21 Jan 22 GRS Q65B QSO 73 Argentina
LU2DPW-@ 144180 PJ2BR 00:59 21 Jan 22 TKS Q65B QSO 73 Curacao
LU1FAM-@ 144180 PJ2BR 00:53 21 Jan 22 Q65 Curacao
LU1FAM-@ 144180 PJ4GR 00:53 21 Jan 22 Q65 Bonaire
PY5EK 144180 WP4KJJ 00:15 21 Jan 22 Q65B -2 dB 1342 Hz Tnx Tep Puerto Rico

6000km+ TEP opening on 144 MHz from the Caribbean to S America - 19th Jan 2022

19th January 2022: It was interesting to see that that there was a TEP (Trans-Equitorial Propagation) opening on 144 MHz between the Caribbean and South America. While the opening happened at 01:00 UTC on the 19th, the time for the stations concerned was about 8pm on the evening of the 18th.

The maps above shows the opening on 144 MHz with distances in the region of 4,400 to 6,143 kms being recorded. To put that in context, the distance across the North Atlantic from Ireland to Newfoundland is about 3000kms so the longest contact from Buenos Aires to the Dominican Republic is over twice that distance.

LW2DAF: Diego, LW2DAF in Buenos Aires, Argentina reports that his contact with HI3I in the Domican Republic was a personal distance record. Diego was using the Q65B mode and the log from PSK Reporter is shown below...

Txmtr Rcvr Band Mode Distance Time (UTC)
LW2DAF HI3I 2m Q65 6143 km 00:32:17
HI3I LW2DAF 2m Q65B 6143 km 00:30:34
PJ4EL LW2DAF 2m Q65B 5299 km 01:05:44
LW2DAF PJ4EL 2m Q65 5299 km 00:13:28
PJ4GR LW2DAF 2m Q65B 5294 km 01:44:18
LW2DAF PJ4GR 2m Q65 5294 km 00:23:29

WP4KJJ on Puerto Rico heard two stations from Brazil.
Txmtr Band Mode Distance Time (UTC)
PY5EK 2m Q65 5198 km 01:04:13
PY2OAL 2m Q65 4914 km 01:19:58

FG4SU on Guadeloupe seems to have had a good path into Brazil and was using FT8 instead.
Txmtr Rcvr Band Mode Distance Time (UTC)
PU4JLV FG4SU 2m FT8 4189 km 01:35:44
FG4SU PU4JLV 2m FT8 4189 km 01:34:11
FG4SU PY2TC 2m FT8 4287 km 01:33:44
PY2TC FG4SU 2m FT8 4287 km 01:04:44
PY2SRB FG4SU 2m FT8 4386 km 01:07:44
FG4SU PY2SRB 2m FT8 4386 km 00:59:02
PU2MBY FG4SU 2m FT8 4421 km 01:02:14
FG4SU PU2MBY 2m FT8 4421 km 01:00:29
PY2OAL FG4SU 2m FT8 4566 km 01:14:14
PY2WLM FG4SU 2m FT8 4725 km 01:32:29

You'll notice from the map above that the TEP signals at 144 MHz tend to stay close to 90 degrees relative to the Geomagnetic equator. The paths tend to run parallel to each other with stations in the Dominican Republic & Curacao working Argentina and Puerto Rico & Guadeloupe working Brazil.

These are the spots from the DX Cluster...

Spotter Freq. DX Time  Info Country
PU4JLV 144174 FG4SU 01:36 19 Jan 22 FT8 -10 dB 1584 Hz Guadeloupe
PU4JLV 144174.8 FG4SU 01:07 19 Jan 22 FT8 -18 dB 1589 Hz Guadeloupe
PY5EK 144180 WP3DN 00:49 19 Jan 22 Q65B -11 dB 901 Hz tnx tep Puerto Rico

While TEP openings are normally associated with the equinox period, it's interesting to see one an opening on 144 MHz in mid-January.

Links...

1) For more examples of long distance openings on 144 MHz, see my 144 MHz page HERE

South African 40 MHz beacon heard in Rome, Italy - 16th Jan 2022

16th January 2022: Emilio, IK0OKY reports that there was a nice opening on the 40 MHz band on the 16th of January when several amateur radio stations in & near Rome reported reception of the ZS6WAB/B beacon in South Africa.

Emilio writes..." Today, there was a 40 MHz opening from Rome area towards South Africa ZS. The ZS6WAB beacon on 40.675 MHz was heard in JN61 square from 11.15 UTC until 12.30 UTC.

The beacon was heard first from IK0FTA Sergio and then also from some other locals (IW0FFK Marco , IK0SMG Pino and myself).

I received it up to 559 on a cubical quad fractal antenna for 6m. Unfortunately no 6m QSO took place during the period that the beacon was in."

Grazie Emilio.

DX-Cluster spots...

Date & time Spotter QRG Mode DX km Prop. Comments
2022-01-16 12:28:24 IK0OKY (JN61ES) 40.675 CW ZS6WAB/B (KG46RC) 7508 JN61ES<TEP>KG46RC 319 now 
2022-01-16 12:06:59 IK0OKY (JN61ES) 40.675 CW ZS6WAB/B (KG46RC) 7508 JN61ES<TEP>KG46RC still in 
2022-01-16 11:48:38 IK0OKY (JN61ES) 40.675 CW ZS6WAB/B (KG46RC) 7508 JN61ES<TEP>KG46RC 559
2022-01-16 11:16:44 IK0FTA (JN61GV) 40.675 CW ZS6WAB/B (KG46RB) 7522 599 in jn61

Propagation: The solar flux on the day was 116 with an A index of 22 and a K index of 2-3. Considering that the beacon and the stations in Rome are equidistant from the geomagnetic equator, I presume the primary mode of propagation was TEP - Trans-Equatorial Propagation. It's probably no accident that the opening was just after local noon.

Early warming... This report I think shows the real value of the 40 MHz band as an early warning system. There is a huge gap between 28 MHz and 50 MHz bands and the 10m band will be open many many times without the propagation ever reaching 6m.

The 40 MHz band helps bridge this gap and this will become even more important as the solar flux begins to rise and the MUF goes above the 28 MHz band and into the low-VHF spectrum.

On this occasion, there was no opening on the 50 MHz band but that won't always be the case. In the future, there will be times when the reception of a 40 MHz beacon will alert VHF operators to get ready on 50 MHz and to have their beams pointing in the right direction.

Links...
1) As always, I have plenty of info on my 40 MHz page.

Overnight opening on 28 MHz from Europe to the W coast of the USA - 14th Jan 2022

At present, nearly all of the openings on the 28 MHz band are during the daylight hours. The solar flux is roughly around the 100-120 mark and there are some F2 layer openings during daylight hours. There is also some mid-Winter Sporadic-E at times but again, this is during daylight hours.

14th January 2022: At about 22:30 to 22:45 UTC, Tom SP5XMU in Poland was one of those who caught an opening to the west coast of the USA on the 28 MHz band. For Tom, this would have been around 11:30 PM.

This is highly unusual and worth noting. It's about 7 hours after the sun has set in Poland so it can't be easily explained the position of the sun and it is also a very northerly path.

At the bottom of this post, I have the FT8 log for SP5XMU for this opening and it shows that there was an opening to Scandinavia at the same time from Poland.

Tom wasn't the only person to catch this opening. Further down this post, I have a list of spots from European stations of US stations on 28 MHz. It suggests that the main opening lasted from about 19:30 to 23:15 UTC.

Auroral-E: It is probably no accident that this opening from Poland to the USA coincided with an aurora and a high k-index of 5-6.

It wasn't the typical 'aurora' where signals are spread out and distorted. After all, digital FT8 signals were being decoded. Instead, it was likely to have been auroral-e propagation.

Distance: However, the distance from SP5XMU to the stations on the west coast of the USA was in the region of 9,000kms.  Aurora-E as the name suggests forms in the E layer of the ionosphere and the maximum range from one hop would be in the range of 2000-2300 kms.

That leaves a huge gap of about 7000kms in the path to the USA. 

How did the signal get from Europe to the west coast of the USA? 

Multi-hop auroral-E? 

Some form of chordal hop auroral-E? 

Did it couple into some ordinary Sporadic-E or F2 layer at the western end of the path?

I've seen a lot of people just explain it away as 'Auroral-E' but it's more complex than that. That's what makes this type of opening so interesting.

50 MHz: I checked the DX cluster and I could see no spots for an opening from North America to Europe on that band.

DX-Cluster spots for European stations spotting the USA on the 28 MHz band...

Explosion from Tonga volcano detected in Ireland (Non Radio Post)

This is an interesting scientific observation and I thought it might be nice to keep a record of it. I tried to work a radio angle into this post but I failed! 😂 

At 04:10 UTC on the 15th of January 2022, a huge underwater volcano near Tonga in the Pacific exploded and sent a shock wave around the world. It was so big that the sound was heard as a rumble 9000kms away in Alaska.

The video clip above shows the explosion and you can see the shock wave being sent outwards.

What I find really amazing is that this pressure wave was detected at the other side of the planet in Europe.

Cormac, EI4HQ and Alan, EI3EBB both have their own weather stations and are located near the city of Cork on the south coast of Ireland.

At roughly 18:44 to 18:50 UTC, both Cormac and Alan detected the change in pressure on their weather stations.

EI4HQ in Cobh...

When I made the above image, I wasn't sure if it was the Tonga event or not. It later turned out that it was.

EI3EBB in Watergrasshill observed the same spike..

You'll notice that there is also a drop in pressure as the pressure wave passes.

Due to the shortcomings and distortion on the Mercator flat map, the pressure waves from Tonga actually came from the north-west and not from the south-west as the map might suggest.

It was interesting to see that the pressure wave arrived in Cork about 15 minutes or so before it reached weather stations in Essex and Suffolk in the south-east of England.

Short Path & Long Path... Just like in radio, there are two paths for a signal to travel on a globe. The short path is shown above and the long path as shown below.

And sure enough just before 02:00 UTC, the long path pressure wave arrived in Cork. 

The distance for the long path signal was in the region of 24,000 kms.

It's amazing to think that a volcano in the Pacific could cause a change in air pressure at the other side of the planet.

Questions... Like any unusual event, it often raises more questions...

Q. Could the sudden change in air pressure cause a rain shower somewhere in Europe? Was the change enough?

Addendum... This is a more detailed chart from EI4HQ showing the air pressure changes...

Custom made beacons for the 28 MHz band from AA7DJ

 

I recently came across this beacon for the 28 MHz band and it thought it might be of interest to others.

While most beacons are built from modified CB radios or home built from parts, there is an option to buy a 'ready to go' beacon from Vlad, AA7DJ in the USA. The beacon is shown above and it runs with an output power of 10 watts on the 28 MHz band although this can be reduced.

The frequency and callsign are given to AA7DJ and he then builds the beacon. Upon arrival, all a station needs to be do is to supply power to the unit and plug in an antenna.

The interior of the beacon is shown above with the frequency synthesizer inside the metal cage on the left and the power amplifier stage with low pass filter on the right.

On his QRZ page, AA7DJ writes..."The synthesizer board has PLL chip, VCO, crystal reference and microcontroller. The last one produces frequency code for PLL. Also it generates CW message and keying sequence for the amplifier board. "

Frequency stability is claimed to be about 10-50 PPM as determined by used crystal. 

The spectrum output with the level of harmonics is shown above. If additional suppression is required then another low pass filter could be added.

Permits... From my understanding, a special license is required to operate a beacon on the 28 MHz band in most parts of the world. In the USA however, the FCC allows radio amateurs to operate beacons on 28 MHz and the VHF bands.

This is specifically for the purpose of ...'observation of propagation or other related experimental activities'. The power limit of 100 watts by the FCC is quite generous in this regards.

In conclusion... While many may want to build their own beacon, there are others who will just want to order a ready built unit and put it on the air.

There is a small but active group of 28 MHz beacon enthusiasts in the USA and many speak highly of this unit built by Vlad, AA7DJ. I don't know how much a unit costs but several have mentioned that it is reasonable.

If anyone is interested in buying a unit then they should contact AA7DJ via his QRZ page.

Addendum - 2nd March 2023: AA7DJ has been in contact to say that he also does designs of 10 W beacons for 28, 40, 50, 144, 222, 432 MHz. Also 8 W for 903 MHz, 7 W for 1296 MHz and 4 W for 2304 MHz.

Update on the prediction for Solar Cycle 25

In a blog post in April 2021, I outlined how Frank Donovan, W3LPL who is one of the top contesters in the USA had made a prediction for the upcoming sunspot cycle 25.

W3LPL wrote... “If the SFI persists below 90 through December 2021, then propagation should improve gradually until a solar maximum weaker than Cycle 24’s arrives in 2024.

If the SFI persists above 110 through December 2021, then propagation should improve rapidly until a solar maximum similar to Cycle 24’s arrives in 2024.

“If the SFI persists above 125 through December 2021, then propagation is likely to improve more rapidly until a solar maximum stronger than Cycle 24’s arrives in 2024.”

(SFI = Solar Flux Index)

As we have now passed December 2021, it's time to look back at the prediction. 

As can be seen from the chart above, the average solar flux for the month of December was 103. This is closest to the the middle prediction which is that solar cycle 25 will be roughly the same as the previous cycle which peaked in 2014. 

This is also very much in line with the main scientific predictions from the like .

Cycle 25 progression... This is the latest chart which shows how the solar flux is progressing against the actual prediction from NASA...

As you can see, it's ahead of schedule at the end of 2021. The big question though is will it stay like this?

Some will claim that a rapid early rise is a sign of a larger than usual solar cycle. Unless I hear something credible, I would suspect we're heading for a subdued peak like 24.

Cycle 25 is going to be good... Sometimes when these predictions about sunspot cycles come out and people speak about them being low, I think some beginners may get the impression that things on the HF bands will be terrible. The answer is that they won't. There will be loads of DX on all the HF bands up to and including 28 MHz.

What it will mean however is that the MUF (maximum usable frequency) may not get up to the 50 MHz bands, especially on East-West paths. If this isn't a priority for you then things on the HF bands will be fine.

Always remember that that predictions are just that... predictions. We'll all have to wait and see how things pan out in reality.